Unit Testing Assembly Code

So I've been continuing to play around with AVR assembly and struggling to get things working. With my first full-time job underway, I've had limited time to devote to this hobby, and I don't have all of the tools that I should have to properly test my prototype systems. However, I still have had the nagging suspicion that I was approaching the development process the wrong way. I finally realized what was missing while listening to an episode of Elicia White's Making Embedded Systems podcast that discusses test-driven development (TDD) for embedded systems. At first, I simply refused to believe that TDD and bare-metal programs were compatible, but the more I thought about it, the more I understood that the process of modularizing your code and running each module one at a time in a specially-configured environment was almost exactly the same.
   That podcast, though, only discussed the semantics of testing C programs, which are easily compiled for almost any platform out there (as long as there aren't any platform-specific elements in your program, which should be discouraged). Assembly programs, though, are the least portable of all. A stable hardware environment with debugging support or an architectural simulator is required. Fortunately, Simulavr is available for AVR programs (though it only supports a limited subset of all devices). In addition, its developers have implemented a nice Tcl interface for it, which makes the process of writing unit tests much easier.
   I have started a simple project to implement and test the above concepts. The files can be found on GitHub. Downloading the files (as well as installing Tcl, Simulavr, and all of their prerequisites) and running 'make test' launches the testing process. As of this writing, it is still not completely functional due in part to the lack of documentation for the simulator interface, but some more experimentation should produce a system that is able to test individual assembly routines by providing arguments and testing outputs via core registers. If it becomes robust enough, I can hopefully merge it into my other projects to help with their development.

Update: AVR-LCD Assembly Project

Well, my holiday break has been mostly uneventful, besides the fact that I received a Raspberry Pi (Model A) as a gift, so I'm looking forward to getting into that soon. In the meantime, though, I've finally had the chance to dig back into the AVR-LCD assembly project.
   After a couple weeks of on-and-off work, I'm pretty much at exactly the same place. Except that I've managed to switch the compiler to avr-gcc. Exciting! For a while, the conversion broke the code in ways that confounded me until I stopped being dumb and actually took a look at the listing produced by the compiler, which converts the register defines into plain hexadecimal. Apparently, avr-gcc doesn't do you the favor of subtracting the IO-memory-space-offset from special function register addresses used with IO-specific instructions while the Atmel compiler does. When using IN, OUT, SBI, CBI, etc., the _SFR_IO_ADDR() macro can be used to subtract the offset. Once that was inserted to all of the appropriate places, the program worked properly. Hello again, world!
   The online avr-libc manual became a valuable resource for me during the conversion by providing code samples and a Makefile template. I also took some time to play around with Simulavr. Since that simulator only supports a limited number of AVR devices (not including the ATMega328P), I needed to make my assembly compatible with the ATMega328. Fortunately, all this required was replacing the CALL instructions with RCALL. With the help of this page, I was then able to put together a command to run the simulator and output a VCD file to verify the functionality. The command is recorded in a script that is up on the project's GitHub page (avr-gcc branch) along with the updated assembly source and Makefile.

Making an Automatic Test Pattern Generator

Another semester is over, which means I have at least a  few weeks to work on my personal projects before being thrown back into the meat grinder. There is already a large heap of unfinished projects that deserve more progress (see previous posts), but a new problem has entered my mind that stubbornly refuses to be ignored. This is a bonus project that I never had time to work on from one of the classes that I just finished, Fault Detection in Digital Circuits. The objective is to write a program for automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). The high-level flow will look something like the diagram below.

High-level flow for ATPG, by Dr. Jia Wang

   The input to the program is to be a circuit netlist. For this development, circuits from the ISCAS89 benchmark are being used. Some of these designs are pretty huge, so it's important that this program be fast and efficient. Another thing to consider is that these designs contain sequential elements (flip-flops), which can really complicate the process since the state of the circuit has to be considered. For now, I'm assuming that all registers are scan-enabled, which means that inputs and outputs can be serially read and loaded directly. This enables ATPG and simulation techniques to be used for the combinational part of the circuit.

   The thing that's really giving me headaches at this point is extracting the functional model of a circuit from the structural model, which is the provided netlist. I can most likely achieve this by constructing a reduced ordered binary-decision diagram (ROBDD) using an algorithm explained in Algorithms for VLSI Design automation by Gerez. Once that's done though, it needs to be exclusive-OR'd with a copy of the circuit with errors inserted. Then it needs to be converted to conjunctive normal form (CNF) so it can be analyzed by a SAT solver (in this case, MiniSAT) for the actual test pattern generation. And I haven't even started thinking about fault simulation yet.

   Suddenly, that AVR LCD library is looking a lot more attractive.

AVR-LCD Assembly Project

So much for the two-week posting schedule. Let's see if we can fix that.
  I was actually holding off on another post until I had something of my own up and running. Well, it turns out that hardware is hard, so this seemingly simple project that I started at the beginning of the summer didn't reach a notable milestone until today. The milestone in question is one that is familiar to any programmer.

  The breadboard pictured above contains an Atmel AVR ATMega328P microcontroller (top) and a NewHaven Display NHD‐0216K1Z‐FL‐YBW LCD module (bottom). The goal of this project was to program the AVR with an assembly program to control the LCD module to print "Hello, World!" to the display. To the right of the AVR on the breadboard is a 7-segment LED display and BCD-converter chip that I started playing around with after being stymied by the LCD module for a few weeks.
   It's taken me a ridiculously long time to reach such a simple goal, but I've learned quite a bit about the AVR's internals, assembly syntax, and the Atmel Studio development environment in the process. One byproduct of this work is a Python script I wrote to convert output from Atmel Studio's built-in simulator to VCD format so data nearly any internal register can be collected and plotted as a digital waveform.
   The assembly code, simulation script, and schematic files for the test-bench circuit in the photo is available at this GitHub page. The included README contains some tips for setting up the development environment in Windows, such as using the simulator, converting the output, and programming the AVR with a USBTinyISP.
   My next steps will be to port this project to AVR-GCC, as Linux is my preferred development environment. SimulAVR seems like a promising replacement for the simulator in Atmel Studio, which was difficult to interface with external signals. Afterwards, I'll either work on reorganizing the code into a library that can be included with future assembly projects or add more code so that the functions can be exposed via a bus interface, so that a single AVR can be addressed by several other modules on a network to print out diagnostic data. I get excited about the possibilities just typing about it. I'm so easily amused.
   Oh, and another program to display a countdown on the 7-segment display is available here.

New Idea: Smartphone as Robotics Controller

Okay, so it's not really a new idea. The most obvious antecedents of this are Parrot's apps for controlling their consumer AR drones. But I've just recently started to think about this due to the fact that I'll be able to upgrade my smartphone with Verizon next week. I'll probably use this opportunity to pick up a Samsung Galaxy S3, as it's one of the most powerful and popular Android smartphones currently in the market. Another interesting problem that I've been pondering for the past week is what I'm going to do with my current device, the Motorola Droid 3, pictured above. All in all, it's an excellent smartphone, solidly built and reasonably powerful (1GHz dual-core CPU, 512MB of RAM, and 16GB of on-board storage). The fact that it will never receive an OS upgrade beyond Gingerbread from Verizon, though, is the motivation for replacing it as my main mobile device. I'm aware that it is now supported by CyanogenMod (though apparently without camera support), but I'm unwilling to replace the OS on my only smartphone without support from the carrier. The battery life has also dropped to about 6 hours with moderate usage. So I'm planning on picking up a brand new phone and using the Droid 3 as a test bench as I learn Android development for the first time and work towards a robotics controller application. What the application is going to control, though, I have not yet decided. I've already read the introduction articles and gone through the first-app tutorials on the official Android development site, and I'm also currently working through CommonsWare's The Busy Coder's Guide to Android Development v1.0.

Thank You, bunnie

It's a quadruple-post kind of day. I want to give a shout-out to bunnie and let all of my non-existent followers know about him. Last week, he released his book Hacking the Xbox: An Introduction to Reverse Engineering as a free PDF in honor of Aaron Swartz. I'm already about half-way through the book, and even though the concepts of the original Xbox that are described are not exactly cutting-edge, I think it's written very well and have already learned a lot about the basics of embedded digital security. I happen to own an old Xbox as well, so one of the first things that I plan to do this summer is to step through this book again while carrying out the hacks myself. It's not like I'm in desperate need of another old Linux box, but it should still be a lot of fun. And what other excuse does a hacker need besides that?

Thank You, Electronic Surplus

I want to dedicate this post to Electronic Surplus, because they just sent me a 40-character, 2-line display from them as a give-away. It was advertised on my favorite podcast, the Amp Hour, a couple months back, and I had nearly forgotten about it by the time this beauty showed up in the mail.

I'm not sure what I'm going to ultimately use it for yet. I actually haven't even gotten it up and running. It's a tad too big to fit in my power supply, so I guess I'll just have to wait for another project to come along before I put it to use. In the meantime, though, one of my buddies challenged me to run the countdown sequence from Predator on it, so that's another thing on the to-do list. I'll be sure to post results as soon as I have that up and running.